Modern pollen data collected at various elevations in two different areas of the North-western Alps (the Aosta Valley, Italy with 37 sample points, and the Taillefer Massif, France, with 40 sample points) were statistically analysed to obtain a functional relationship between pollen assemblages’ variations, the elevation and temperature parameters of the sampled points. Correspondence Analysis (CA) was performed on pollen data to underline statistical similarities and differences between pollen assemblages from comparable elevations in the two areas. A transfer function from pollen percentages to elevation was first calculated based on all the taxa. The actual altitudes plotted versus calculated altitudes yield a R2 > 0.9.
This step shows the strong relationship between altitude and variation in pollen taxa percentages despite the effect of local parameters and some floristic differences between the two areas. For the reconstruction of temperature, from pollen data, three transfer functions from Aosta pollen assemblages to Tann (mean annual temperature) were created for each parameter, using three different methodologies. Aiming to be reliable for the two areas, the calculation of each function was based on common taxa to avoid biases due to differences in pollen floras. Application to the Taillefer 24 pollen dataset shows that the best results were obtained using a backward step-created linear multiple transfer function, which is based on a sufficient number of taxa (25) and yielded an acceptable R2 (R2>0.6) and a RMSE about 4. A transfer function to TJan (January temperature) and TJul (July temperature) was then created using this same method. The reconstruction appears to be reliable, with a higher reliability at sites located over 1000 m than at sites located at lower altitudes.
This elaboration aims to be a first step for the development of a model for reconstructing the evolution of temperature and lapse rates during the Holocene from fossil pollen data from the alpine area.

This report introduces results of lithological, optical and geochemical investigations made on lacustrine sediments from two high altitude proglacial lakes of Grandes Rousses massif (western Alps, France) : the lakes Blanc Huez and Bramant. The aim of this work is to reconstitute mountain paleoenvironments of the massif during the last 10 000 years (Holocene) and to put it in relation with high altitude human activities identified by archaeology. Lithological analyses show succession of organic and clastic sequences. Geochemical analyses of organic matter show that total organic carbon could be correlated with physical parameters like magnetic susceptibility, gamma densimetry or spectrocolorymetry. The entirety allows characterizing transitions between our facies. Optical analyses on organic sequences allow us to clarify composition, sources and geochemical conditions in basins. Thus, we underline fossil organic matter from Blanc Huez cathment in the Blanc Huez lacustrine sediments. It leads us to modify bulk dating. We created an age"depth model which allowed us to describe alpines mountain paleoenvironments since Younger Dryas (~12765 cal BP). Two glacial overhangs have been identified during Younger Dryas and since Upper Atlantic (~6800 cal BP). Organical facies of gytja were deposed at the beginning of Upper Dryas, and from Preboreal (~10200 cal BP) to Upper Atlantic. However, climatic variations have been identified during Subboreal (~5550 à 2590 cal BP) and can be correlated with human activities in the catchments in particular during Bronze Age. More studies in the massif would allow us to validate our results.

The reconstruction of past management practices and the interpretation of change factors in the study of historical processes and functions of past agro-sylvi-pastoral systems are the main focus of the study of a number of sites in NW Italy mountains for the last ten years. We experienced that dynamics and modelling of different local systems need a geographical-historical microanalytical approach to the sites. Moreover, a regressive method and a high resolution in producing and employing field evidences are required. This approach, according to local history and environmental archaeology methods, tests and crosses different kinds of sources, which include archaeobotany, historical geography (archival, cartographic sources), field evidence (historical ecology, environmental and rural archaeology) and oral sources at the topographical scale. As an example of a historical microanalytical approach to the site study, palynological data from two wetlands located on opposite slopes in the upper Aveto Valley (NW Italy Apennines, municipality of Rezzoaglio) are compared. The pollen catchment areas are different because of altitude (800 m -Lago di Rezzo, and 1100 m- Mogge di Ertola) and distance from rural settlements. Nevertheless, both sites preserved traces of the medieval cultural landscapes that proof their inclusion in the complex agro-sylvi-pastoral system in which chestnut groves, wooded"meadows, pastures and fields appears to be essential components. In both pollen diagrams different tree species (fir and beech vs. oaks) dominate by turns accordingly with altitude, while low percentages of hazel, walnut, chestnut and cereals alternate along the sequence. The occurrence of coprophilous fungi suggests dunging or livestock watering. Microcharcoal frequency fluctuates in connection with other anthropogenic indicators, suggesting a role of fire in the land management. The important changes of the cultural landscape which occurred in the last decades are well represented in the pollen diagrams and associated with historical changes in the ecology of the sites.

A series of spatially and temporally precise studies were undertaken in the Ligurian Apennines, Northern Italy, with the aim to document the post"medieval archaeology of sweet chestnut plantations in different sites (Lagorara, Lemmen, Perlezzi, San Rufino). Chestnut groves investigations have been developed recently on a special research project devoted to “Les paysages de l’arbre hors foret: multi : valorisation dans le cadre d’un développement local durable en Europe du sud”, funded by the French Ministry of Ecology and Sustainable Development and carried out by the Universities of Genoa (Italy), Toulouse (France) and Granada (Spain). The reconstruction of past management practices and the interpretation of change factors in the study of historical processes and functions of chestnut plantations is the main focus of this contribution. The most important aim is to point out the differences between the discussed case studies and the different sources employed (historical cartography, archaeobotany, archaeological and oral sources). Perlezzi (Borzonasca, GE) site is an irrigated terraced sweet chestnut grove connected with a water management system having a continuity of use at least since late 17th c., as shown by archaeological evidences. Archival documents testify the presence of sweet chestnut groves in this area since the medieval period, but archaeological surveys date the construction of the terraces system since the end of 17th c. and "for the moment" do not permit to identify different utilizations. In this case, more information about the past management practices of environmental resources of the area could be reached with the help of archaeobotanical data. In San Rufino (Leivi, GE) site the study of archival and field evidences documents a particular practice of co-plantation of sweet chestnut grove with black alder, spread in Entella River basin, since late 18th until the half of 20th c. Lagorara (Maissana, SP) site is a terraced sweet chestnut grove planted after the second half of the 19th c on a wooded meadow pasture. In this case study, the question about whether a particular management practice of environmental resources (like the planting of small sweet chestnut groves) can be detected in pollen and microcharcoal diagrams is discussed. Of particular interest are the results of the palynological analysis of a terraced soil profile matched with historical ecology information. In Lemmen (Riomaggiore, SP) site, located in the Cinque Terre Natural National Park, the employment of different sources allowed to reconstruct the regressive history, until the first half of the 19th c., of a rural landscape characterized by grazing areas with a chestnut wooded meadow system developed into a cultural landscape of coast winter pastures of a transhumance system. A system more complex than the present one characterized by olive and vine terraces.

The site of l’Aulp du Seuil is located on the eastern border of the Chartreuse Massif at an altitude 1727 meters. The site, at the bottom of a small valley dug into an urgonian perched syncline, is isolated and difficult of access. At present a subalpine mountain pine forest, associated with pastured grasslands and subalpine heaths occupy the surroundings of the site. Numerous blocks were deposited during the last glaciation. They were used as shelters and seasonal hunting camps since the Mesolithic. Especially animals like chamois, alpine ibex, red deer or wild boar were hunted.
Recent excavations directed by David Pelletier (2004-2005) in the block-shelter “ALP 1” uncovered several occupations from the Mesolithic to historic periods. The present study focuses on the archaeobotanical analyses (charcoals and other plant remains) of one level dated to the middle Neolithic and including several earths. The results permit to evoke the plant economy of these human groups.
In this presentation, we will approach questions like :
- How did they manage fuel-wood ?
- How did they use wild local plants ?
- What was the consumption, on the site, of gathered and domesticated plants ?
Results highlight the mobility of Neolithic people, their knowledge of environmental setting and their capability to exploit the resources of mountain environment.

Lake St Point (850 m ASL.) is located in the central part of Jura Mountains. The vegetation surrounding the lake is represented by wood pastures. Pasture woodland is a very ancient form of land use, characterized by a mosaic landscape, from the open pasture to the closed forest. In the context of human impact on vegetation, the aim of this study is to investigate chronology and details of the transition between the original ecosystems to the sylvopastoral ecosystem.
The deepest part of Lake St Point was cored from a floating platform. Chronology of the sequence is based on 24 AMS radiocarbon dates spread over the upper 7 m of the core. Concerning the recent period, 137Cs measurements were processed on the 20 upper centimeters of the sequence. The first results confirm the high quality of the deep lacustrine records and their scientific interest. The sediment succession collected in Lake St Point reveals a stratigraphically continuous profile spanning the entire Holocene period, and showing particular sensitivity to Human impact on vegetation. Pollen analysis reveals the first human impact as soon as the early Neolithic period, around 5300 cal. BC. Then, first farmers disappear until 4000 cal. BC. From this period to the end of Bronze Age, a particular land use takes place. Distinct pulses of forest clearance as a result of human activity can be observed. Among anthropogenic indicators, peaks of Cerealia type are followed by the increase of open landscape herbs.
In a third phase, shrubs and light demanding trees (Juniperus, Acer…) develop in the clearance. Sedimentological analyses show that silicates and detrital carbonate fractions progressively increased, due to the erosion of soil. From the end of Bronze Age to the end of Iron Age, both Cerealia type and plants of open landscape curves increase and decrease together. This different signal suggests a new type of land use, with permanent fields. The Hallstatt period is characterized by regular human impacts while La Tène period correspond to a decline of agriculture. However, human pressure remains perceptible with regular clearance in the Fagus and Abies forest. Silicates content still increased while detrital carbonates input became steady due to a change in pedogenetic processes affecting thecatchment. he two last millennia have recorded the most important human impact: large"scale deforestation, especially during the Middle Ages, altered the vegetation cover drastically. Grassland became used more intensively and during the modern period, silicates and detrital carbonate decreased, probably due to wood pastures development.

The total landscapes of Norway are dominated by mountains, forests, open heathlands and grasslands. Only about 3% of the land surface is suited for cultivation or arable farming. The land use patterns of uncultivated areas were therefore of great importance to traditional farming economy, and even today they have impact on present day cultural landscapes. The practice of summer farming has been widespread over most of the country. It implied that the livestock was sent away to remote parts of the farm for most of the growing season. As a majority of the farmers had to keep their animals indoors half"the"year, it was necessary for them to collect as much as possible of the summer production close to their homesteads and secure it for winter fodder. In particular in the fjord districts of Western Norway this was important, as the habitable areas at the bottom of the steep mountainsides along the fjords are very limited. These areas had to be utilized for winter fodder production, and the livestock was sent into the mountains to take benefit of the production of the high altitudinal pastures. In general they were only accessible from mid"June to mid" September due to the snow cover. The proper summer farms were normally situated so far away from the major settlement of the farm that people (mostly young women) had to stay there in small cabins to look after the livestock and take hand of the milk production, in order to make cheese and butter. These products were regularly transported back to the settlement at the farm or in the village. In most cases several farmers placed their cabins at thesame summer farm for safety reasons and to facilitate the work. They also shared the pastures belonging to the different farms.
The summer farms also became arrowheads for the utilization of other resources of the mountain areas, as wood collecting, hunting, hay making at outlying meadows, iron production or fishing in mountain lakes. The value of these resources to the total farm economy could be as important as the production of cereals, meat, butter and cheese.
The activity at the summer farms created distinct cultural landscapes that still are visible, even though most of the traditional land use today has ceased. In addition to the cabins themselves, the impact of the livestock led to the development of gradients in the vegetation according to different intensity of grazing at different distances from the cabins. In the summer farming areas, the forest line became lowered compared to its natural climatical limit, and much of natural shrub vegetation was replaced by open grasslands. Many species were established at higher altitudes than expected due to this type of land use. Summer farming is closely related to similar traditional types of land use found in high altitudinal parts of Switzerland, Germany, Austria, Northern -Italy and Eastern-France. In German it is called “Alm"Wirtschaft”, and this must not be mixed up with the “transhumance” traditions of Southern" Europe. Summer farming, Alm"Wirtschaft and similar land use practices are based on winter foddering of the livestock, whereas transhumance is based on all"year"round grazing in different regions. The history of summer farming is difficult to trace. In most of the country it seems to origin earlier than the oldest written source materials. Archaeological excavations of prehistorical cabins and other settlement remains have given valuable information, but the interpretation of this kind of source material alone impose uncertainties as very few items or constructions can be specific related to summer farming. Palaeoecological studies of the cultural landscape development can also contribute to solve the question, but there are many methodological problems related to e.g. low local pollen production, pollen transport and dispersal, and sediment disturbances. However, by combining the three types of source materials, it has been possible to improve the understanding of prehistorical land use in summer farming areas.
Most farmers in the fjord areas had intermediate spring pastures where livestock could graze during springtime before the snow had disappeared from the higher altitudes.These pastures were used for different purpose later in the summer. From studies of the cultural landscape development at such sites, it has been possible to achieve new information about the land use history of the total farm resources. This also facilitates the interpretation of the source material from the summer farms at higher altitudes.

An interdisciplinary palaeoecological study in the low-alpine and subalpine zones of Val Febbraro, upper Valle di Spluga in Italian central Alps, between 1830 and 2304 m a.s.l., suggests the temporary presence of early Neolithic groups at about 6000 uncal b.p. Evidence for local woodland clearance and charcoal dust were found. Phases of woodland and treeline disturbances, and indications of increased human presence are evident at about 5500, 5100, and 4000 b.p. A marked increase in disturbance, mainly related to pasturing, is dated to the beginning of the Bronze Age.
The last major stage of human impact on the vegetation coincides with the Final Bronze phase and the beginning of the Iron Age, with a small temporary reduction during the Roman period. 14C dated archaeological sites and finds are broadly concordant with the phases of human impact on the vegetation. The former use of a present day tourist path using the Baldiscio Pass between Valle Febbraro (I) and Valle Mesolcina (CH), is dated back to between 3500 b.p. and 3000 b.p.
A summary figure is presented. No locally significant climatic changes have been traced during the last 6000 years, and if present, they are probably overshadowed by the vegetational changes caused by human activity.

Copper exploitation developed in the southern half of France during the late Neolithic -between the 4th and 3rd millenia before our era- ("La Capitelle" in Péret : 3200-2900 BC ; Ambert et al. 2005). On the southern edge of the Massif Central and in the Pyrenees, the mining and metallurgical districts developed low-productivity metal extraction. The production was then diffused thanks to local networks. This first type of metallurgy is mostly to be found in lower and medium altitude mountainous areas. This model, which could be called the « Neolithic system » was completed in the second half of the third millennium, between the 25th and 24th centuries BC, with the end of the mining operations and a modification in metal consumption and supply networks.
In the Alps, the expansion of copper exploitation in high mountain areas from the 24th century BC has been observed. The exploitation of bornite in Saint-Veran (Hautes-Alpes) began around 2350 BC. The trench pillar –known as the ‘Tranchée des Anciens’- delivered nearly 400 m3 of ore processed in workshops situated at an altitude above 2300 m. The carbon datings show that the whole mining and metallurgical site operated for less than 500 years, between 2400 and 1900 BC, at the end of the Neolithic period and during the early Bronze Age.
Further North, in the Grandes Rousses massif, a large mining area was discovered recently (Bailly- Maître, Gonon, 2008) and the identification of metal pollution (copper and lead) in proglacial altitude lakes (Lake Bramant, 2500m, Guyard et al., 2008) shows a mass production of copper in the early Bronze Age (2200-1650 BC). The copper resources are situated at an altitude between 2250 and 2600 m and, unlike in Saint-Veran, are distributed over a very wide area. The exploitation of the mining district seems to have stopped during the 17th century BC, at the beginning of the Middle Bronze Age.
Among the reasons which could account for the intensification of the exploitation of copper resources, the causal link between the complexity of the techniques and mineral processing has long been put forward. Changes in weather conditions -as they imply the conditions of access to copper- can offer an alternative scenario. The core samples taken in the Bramant Lake and the Blanc d’Huez Lake (« Grandes Rousses ») show fast fluctuations of glacial activity during the Neolithic period and the Bronze Age (Chapron et al., 2008). In the Bramant Lake, the predominance of organic layers -dated from the early Bronze Age to the beginning of the late Bronze Age- reflects declining glacial phases.
Evidence suggests that the favorable climatic conditions which developed at the turn of the 3rd and 2nd millenia BC promoted -to the benefit of glaciers- the exploitation of previously inaccessible copper resources. A return to less favorable conditions, marked from 1600 BC by newly advanced ice, would signal the disuse of mining sites, to the benefit of resources located at a lower altitude, such as the Austrian Tyrol and the Italian Trentino.

Les vestiges d’activités minières et métallurgiques se trouvent en abondance à l’extrémité occidentale de la chaîne pyrénéenne, sur l’ensemble du territoire montagnard qui s’étend d’ouest en est de l’océan Atlantique aux vallées du haut Béarn (Pyrénées-Atlantiques). Les gîtes métallifères, souvent modestes mais particulièrement abondants, y ont été exploités pour l’or, l’argent et principalement pour le cuivre et le fer. Les recherches menées depuis une dizaine d’années dans le domaine de l’archéologie minière et de la paléométallurgie permettent aujourd’hui de retracer les grandes lignes de l’histoire minière de l’extrémité occidentale du massif. En révélant l’importance du foyer de production polymétallique installé en bordure de l’océan Atlantique au début de notre ère, les travaux de recherche ont apporté un éclairage inédit sur la connaissance des activités économiques de l’Aquitaine antique. Ils améliorent en outre la compréhension des modes d’occupation et d’exploitation des territoires de haute et moyenne montagne. Cette phase, au cours de laquelle la production métallique se développe de manière sensible, démarre au IIIe siècle av. J.C. et connaît son apogée aux Ier et IIe siècles ap. J.C. Les recherches menées en Béarn dans le domaine de l’archéologie des mines ont également mis en évidence une phase d’activité beaucoup plus ancienne, coïncidant cette fois avec la naissance de l’activité minière en Europe occidentale. Comme le laissaient augurer les résultats des études paléoenvironnementales menées au Pays Basque (D. Galop et F. Monna), la découverte de la mine de cuivre de Causiat en vallée d’Aspe permet de situer le démarrage des activités minières et métallurgiques dans l’Ouest pyrénéen au IIIe millénaire av. J.C.

Field investigations we carried out throughout the Argentera-Mercantour massif since 2001, threw important new light on the origin of iron metallurgy in the southern Alps, up to now not very known (Despine, 1823, Roux, 1862, Domergue and Leroy, 2000, Mangin, 2004). The results obtained make it possible to draw up a chronological assessment of three mining and smelting districts in this context of high altitude (fig.1). Each of them includes one iron mine or quarry site on a ridge which supplied downstream one or more metallurgical areas showing remains of bloomeries, early forms of furnace capable of smelting iron.
In the Saint-Etienne-de-Tinée district, field investigations identified open pit mining works on the top of Tortisse valley between 2 500 and 2 700 m. They are related to the primary mineralized lodes in the paleozoic micaschists of the Cime du Fer, and a sedimentary breccia in the triassic cargneules, reworking micaschists and hematite fragments from the lodes. Ore dressing areas are located below the screes. Downstream, charcoal kilns and smelting sites with slags and furnace wall fragments have been identified at an altitude of between 2 050 and 2 070 m, close to settlements and dry stone enclosure.
In the Isola district, a single exploration, in 2008, provided the first elements of an iron district in connection with the hematite occurence of Tête rocheuse de la Guercha (Pierrot et Al., 1974). The mineralization, located in the gneisses and migmatites of the series of Rabuons shows that the vein of iron oxide has been hollowed out as a mine at several points around 2600 m, below the summit.
Downstream, in the Vallon de la Guercha, three places of bloomery have been already discovered near 1600 m. In the Valdeblore district, the iron ore resources of Col Ferrière are located in the upstream part of the Millefonts valley, between 2 225 and 2484 m high. They are associated with the mylonitized gness formation of Valletta-Mollières (Faure-Muret, 1955). Mylonite and its margins are affected by a multidirectional fracturing : cracks and joints are cemented by ferruginous hematite fillings (Pierrot and Al, 1974). Hematite outcrops were mainly exploited by open quarries. They supplied three main areas of metallurgy :
- Towards the South, in the Millefonts valley sorting and crushing were carried out directly by the mines at an altitude of 2400 to 2484 m. The ore was smelted in bloomeries, whose remains spread out from 2010 m to 1480 m (Morin, Rosenthal, 2006).
- Towards the North in the Margès valley, metallurgical remains were found between 2145 m and 1785 m.
- In the Mollières valley, slags and furnace fragments were discovered at an altitude of 1675 m to 1670 m. Footpaths connected the mining works to the smelting sites.
Charcoals samples for 14C dating were collected on the sites with slags by coring or directly on outcropping structures of combustion. Calibrated dates gathered by sites highlight a metallurgical activity between the IInd century BC and the VIIth century AD, for the Valdeblore district. In the Saint-
Etienne-de-Tinée and Isola districts, the ages range between the IIIrd and the VIth centuries AD.
The three iron mining and smelting districts recognized in the Mercantour massif show a similar pattern of organization. Mining and ore dressing took place directly in the alpine level between an altitude of 2 700 and 2400 m. Sorted and sized ore was transported downstream. The higher smelting workshops are located at an altitude between 2145 and 2000 m, near the present higher forest limit, and the others bloomeries range mainly in the subalpine zone and lower. This activity spreads out between the IInd century BC and the VIIth century AD. The mines and slags deposits of Valdeblore are the highest elevation iron metallurgy remains dated known in Europe. The field investigations inventory sets the localisation and the age range of the Mercantour iron mining and smelting. Saint-Etienne-de-Tinée and Valdeblore districts hold the highest known and dated iron metallurgy remains in Europe.

Depuis une décennie, l'étude de la mise en place des cultures de l'âge du Bronze dans le Sud-Est de la France a profité de plusieurs terrains qui sont venus alimenter différentes questions. En moyenne vallée du Rhône, ce sont les bases de la subsistance et les premières formes d'architecture agglomérante qui sont illustrées. Dans les Préalpes, l'occupation synchrone de plusieurs grottes bergeries permet d'avancer quelques hypothèses sur les réseaux économiques du Bronze ancien. A une échelle plus globale, intégrant les Alpes internes nord-occidentales, la succession chronométrique et la définition des cultures bénéficient d'une précision accrue qui permettent d'aller au-delà d'une référence le plus souvent conventionnelle à l'âge du Bronze, pour tendre vers une approche plus dynamique sur de larges espaces géographiques. Ainsi, nous pouvons tenter d'articuler les emprises culturelles méditerranéennes, nord-italiques et rhodaniennes. En conséquence, des notions classiques comme celle de la « Civilisation du Rhône » peuvent être discutées. Les prospections en cours sur le massif des Rousses, en Oisans (Isère), alimentent depuis peu cette même problématique culturelle et économique à la suite de la découverte d'un vaste district minier d'altitude (2500 m en moyenne) exploitant des ressources en cuivre. Ce nouveau champ de recherche complète le panorama des différentes modalités de circulation et d'occupation des milieux de montagne entre la fin du Néolithique et la première métallurgie du bronze. Il ouvre également des perspectives sur une approche technique de cette activité et ses conséquences paléoenvironnementales.

This workshop is in keeping with a series of thematic colloquiums having the ambition to convene the principal european and international teams that work at mountain territories archaeology and history in Europe. The first workshop took place at the ICAC (Catalonian Institute of Classic Archeology) in Tarragona, the 4th to 6th June 2008. The second one will take place at the Maison de la Recherche of Toulouse University the 8th to 11th October 2009. It will be organized by a group of French university and CNRS laboratories working on similar thematics, with invarious and complementary social-environmental mountain contexts. The workshop will last four days : two days dedicated to oral communications and discussions, followed by two days of field trips and presentation of two interdisciplinary projects of pyrenean research (Ossau valley and Iraty massif). The main theme of this workshop is centered on questions related to resource exploitation by mountain societies and to practice mobility at the origin of long term mountain territory construction. The teams and researchers brought together at this workshop will aim to understand the peopling and the management of different mountain spaces during the millenaries and to restitute the construction dynamics of territories and landscapes as entities that are at the same time environmental, socioeconomic and cultural. The occupation and the exploitation of mountain environments, both during conquest and maximum demographic phases, or on the contrary, during desertification phases, differ in geographical caracteristics of the mountain ranges, but also according to caracteristics forms of each social system (peopling system, standards and strategies for resource appropriation and exploitation, structuration of exchange patterns for their products). The triptych mountain-plains-piedmont forms the privileged observation frame, but the current inquieries on general mountain massifs show that the intensity and the nature of the links between these three spaces may vary considerably. The resource structuring along this transect and the modes of exploitation that have been developed (agro-pastoralism, charcoal and mining activities, etc.) constitute the first marker of these variations. In all documented cases of figure, dynamic models of society movements are executed, at different patial and temporal levels. So it’s through the prism of practice mobility that the workshop proposes to work on these topics, with the object to update the historical processes that have conducted to a plurimillenial contruction of mountain territories.

Grâce aux témoignages des dernières rescapées, dispersées à travers l'Europe, grâce aussi au regard porté par l'écrivain Michel Del Castillo, interné avec sa mère à Rieucros, ce film retrace la vie quotidienne et les luttes de ces femmes à l'intérieur du camp, internées politiques ou de droit commun, militantes communistes ou résistantes opposées au régime de Vichy, françaises, allemandes, polonaises ou espagnoles antifascistes, juives, prostituées raflées à Toulouse, femmes accusées de marché noir, etc.

Sur l'internement de ces femmes, l'historienne Rolande Trempé apporte une mise en perspective politique et historique, entrecoupée des témoignages de Fernande Valignat Cognet, Dora Schaul Davidson, Reina Melis Wessels, Michel Del Castillo, Angelita Bettini Del Rio, Camille Planque Alvarez, Raymonde David Fitoussi, Colette Sanson Lucas, Janina Socha, Steffi Spira, Ursula Katzenschein.

Film produit avec le soutien du Ministère des anciens combattants et victimes de guerre.Utilisation d'archives photographiques issues du fonds documentaire de l'Association pour Perpétuer le Souvenir des Internées des Camps de Brens et Rieucros (A.P.S.I.C.B.R.) ou bien d'archives personnelles].

Cession C : Circulations des malades et des thérapeutes : mobilités sanitaires et négociations thérapeutiques. Atelier C3 : Mobilités des médecins.

Les paramètres de l’organisation et de la planification de l’offre de soins ont été modifiés par la réforme hôpital 2007. L’émergence de l’échelon régional a marqué un virage dans l’organisation du système de santé (loi du 31 juillet 1991). Les Agences régionales de l’hospitalisation, mises en place suite aux
ordonnances de 1996, sont en charge de la planification hospitalière publique et privée. Le SROS III couvrant la période 2006-2011, devient l’unique outil de planification élaboré à partir des besoins de la population. Le territoire de santé, élément structurant de l’offre sanitaire, devient un espace de concertation
de projets médicaux territorialisé entre les acteurs du champ de la santé, les professionnels médicaux, paramédicaux, sociaux, élus et usagers.
La région Champagne Ardenne regroupe une population et une main d’oeuvre médicale vieillissantes. La démographie médicale est en baisse autant dans le secteur ambulatoire qu’hospitalier. La densité médicale ainsi que le temps médical diminuent. La question de l’optimisation de l’organisation des soins et de la prise en charge des patients est posée. Sur le plan national, des perspectives de réponses émergent dont une nouvelle répartition des tâches entre professionnels de santé. Cependant, les expériences internationales montrent que cela ne suffit pas à résoudre les questions liées à la démographie des problèmes de santé.
Face à une démographie médicale s’amenuisant, les établissements de soins font de plus en plus appel à des médecins venus d’ailleurs et en particulier des récents pays adhérents à l’Union européenne. Cette question des « médecins étrangers » n’est pas nouvelle. En région Champagne Ardenne, à l’exemple du territoire national, qu’ils soient européens ou extra européens, les professionnels de santé « non-nationaux » sont présents en milieu hospitalier. Réalisée dans le cadre d’un mémoire professionnel (EHESP), notre étude ciblera, en priorité l’hôpital général de Vitry le François. Cet hôpital local dessert une population située dans le territoire du « Triangle », sur deux régions : la Champagne Ardenne (sud du département de la Marne,
nord de la Haute Marne) et la Lorraine (département de la Meuse).
L’intégration professionnelle des praticiens non nationaux peut poser problème. Tout d’abord, la pratique de la langue française nécessite d’être évaluée. Ensuite, dès leur arrivée sur leurs lieux d’exercice, ces praticiens sont confrontés à des pratiques professionnelles contrastant parfois avec celles acquises dans le pays d’origine ou ailleurs. Les migrants professionnels doivent alors composer avec de nouvelles contraintes posées notamment par des impératifs sécuritaires, une culture thérapeutique différente ou encore une gestion de la qualité des soins et services de plus en plus exigeante.
Les résultats de cette enquête cibleront le rôle et la place des professionnels migrants, en milieu hospitalier, dans la perspective d’un maintien de la qualité des soins. Il s’agira d’en relever les points forts et points faibles à partir des perspectives des acteurs professionnels de santé, des usagers et des représentants de la direction hospitalière. Le point de vue des institutionnels régionaux sera pris en compte. Des propositions d’actions réalisables à l’échelon régional devraient permettre une meilleure prise en charge des patients tant sur le plan sécuritaire que sur celui de la
qualité.

Cession C : Circulations des malades et des thérapeutes : mobilités sanitaires et négociations thérapeutiques. Atelier C3 : Mobilités des médecins.
Face au système officiel de la prise en charge des cancers, les offres non conventionnelles de traitement du cancer définissent une large diversité d’approches, de produits, et de soins. Tout en épousant à la fois les formes et les interstices du système de soins conventionnel, ces offres se caractérisent notamment par leur fluidité et plasticité, par la mobilisation de vecteurs d’information et de communication spécifiques, et par un échange d’idées, de produits et de prestataires de recours.
À partir d’une recherche effectuée dans trois régions françaises (Normandie, Auvergne, Provence- Alpes-Côte d’Azur) [1], la communication propose d’examiner différentes modalités de circulation des individus, des savoirs, des objets thérapeutiques et de présenter ce qui se joue en termes de reconfiguration du système de soins.
- Une mobilité des leaders charismatiques : le recensement des événements grand public (conférences, salons, marchés) liés aux offres non conventionnelles de santé dans chaque région montre qu’il existe des conférenciers qui sillonnent la France afin de diffuser leurs conceptions du cancer et de sa guérison. Cette diffusion de proximité s’adresse à un public attentif à l’environnement, à la santé et à l’alimentation, composé très souvent de personnes atteintes de cancer ou de leurs proches. Elle sert très souvent de relais à une communication plus large, soit par réseaux associatifs ou corporatifs ou encore par Internet, de leur(s) ouvrage(s) sur le cancer. Elle participe à une réorganisation des savoirs sur le cancer et sur la santé par la
confrontation des paradigmes.
- Une mobilité géographique des « spécialistes du cancer » : afin d’échapper au cadre d’exercice de la médecine proposé en France, des médecins, dont la pratique est fondée sur une approche non conventionnelle du cancer, se sont expatriés dans des pays limitrophes. Ce déplacement, analysé comme un contournement des dispositifs de contrôle de l’activité médicale, draine une nouvelle clientèle composée notamment de malades français cherchant un traitement complémentaire ou alternatif.
- Mobilités des produits : l’identification des produits récurrents utilisés par les personnes atteintes de cancer en complément des traitements officiels montre qu’un commerce de produits accompagne la promotion d’approches complémentaires et alternatives du cancer. Il s’agit un marché qui s’appuie sur la circulation de plantes et de leurs composés, ainsi que d’aliments produits dans différentes régions du monde (Afrique, Inde, Chine, Etats-Unis, Amérique du sud, zone pacifique, etc.) et vendus en France sous forme de compléments alimentaires ou de préparations médicinales. Par ailleurs, certains produits interdits en France (produits Beljanski par exemple) sont à l’origine de mobilités des patients (se rendre dans un pays où la
vente est autorisée) et de commandes par correspondance, contournant ainsi le cadre légal.

[1] Cette recherche coordonnée par Patrice Cohen a pour objectif d’effectuer une comparaison anthropologique et sociologique entre la France (Normandie, Auvergne, Région Provence-Alpes-Côte d’Azur), la Belgique et la Suisse des recours non conventionnels des personnes atteintes de cancer. Cette communication doit beaucoup aux apports collectifs des chercheurs de ce projet : Aline Sarradon-Eck et Coralie Caudullo (CReCSS, Université d’Aix-Marseille), Patrice Cohen, Émilie Legrand, Ludovic Jamet, Clémentine Raineau (GRIS, Université de Rouen), Olivier Schmitz et Emmanuel Lenel (CES, Faculté Saint-Luis de Bruxelles, Ilario Rossi et Barbara Müller (IAS, Université de Lausanne), et Marie Ménoret (Université de Paris 8).