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le (5m49s)
1.4. What is an algorithm?
We have seen that a genomic textcan be indeed a very long sequence of characters. And to interpret this sequence of characters, we will need to use computers. Using computers means writing program. Writing program means designing first algorithm. So, let's see what an algorithm is. An algorithm is a series of operationsto be executed by a computer, but maybe also executed by ahuman, for solving a problem. In the first algorithm we will study in this session and next one, the problem will be to count the number of different of the four different nucleotides which appeared in the sequence. It's a sequence of operations. You may say that in ... Voir la vidéo
Conférences
le (1h53m33s)
Lire "Le Capital" de Thomas Piketty
« Lire Le capital de Thomas Piketty » : c’est le titre du dossier que les Annales publient dans le no 1-2015, en écho au formidable succès rencontré dans le monde entier par le livre de l’économiste français. À l’occasion de sa parution, la revue propose un débat qui réunira autour de Thomas Piketty des chercheurs invités et des membres de la rédaction afin de mettre en perspective les propositions de l’ouvrage. Dans le prolongement du dossier, il s’agira de poser la question de la place que tient aujourd’hui l’économie au sein des sciences sociales, en ... Voir la vidéo
Conférences
le (1h49m3s)
Vieillir en Occident : question de genre ? avec Betty Lefèvre
... fantasmée.Cette conférence analyse ce traitement asymétrique du vieillissement selon les appartenances de sexe, ainsi que les processus de mise « hors jeu » liés à l’âge, dès lors qu’on ne répond pas ou plus aux modèles dominants. ... Voir la vidéo
Conférences
le (1h11m11s)
Computers are Not Omnipotent
In 1984, TIME magazine quoted the chief editor of a certain software publication as saying: "Put the right kind of software into a computer, and it will do whatever you want it to. There may be limits on what you can do with the machines themselves, but there are no limits on what you can do with software." This talk will survey results obtained over the last 80 years by mathematicians, logicians and computer scientists, which disprove this ignorance-based statement in a sweeping and fundamental way. We shall discuss problems that are provably non-computable, as well as ... Voir la vidéo
Conférences
le (1h36m30s)
LA MISSION PHILAE / ROSETTA : PREMIÈRE EXPLORATION COMÉTAIRE IN SITU
Conférence de l'Institut d'astrophysique de Paris (IAP) présentée par Jean-Pierre Bibring (astrophysicien à l'Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale), le 3 mars 2015 à l'IAP.Jean-Pierre Bibring est le responsable scientifique français de Philae, l'atterisseur de la sonde Rosetta. Rosetta est une mission de l’ESA avec des contributions de ses États membres et de la NASA. Philae, l’atterrisseur de Rosetta, est fourni par un consortium dirigé par le DLR, le MPS, le CNES et l'ASI. Rosetta est la première mission dans l'histoire à se mettre en orbite autour d’une comète, à l’escorter autour du ... Voir la vidéo
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le (4m53s)
1.2. At the heart of the cell: the DNA macromolecule
During the last session, we saw how at the heart of the cell there's DNA in the nucleus, sometimes of cells, or directly in the cytoplasm of the bacteria. The DNA is what we call a macromolecule, that is a very long molecule. It's Avery, in 1944, who discovered that the DNA was the support of genetic information. But the scientists who are most well-known for DNA are Francis Crick and James Watson who discovered together, with Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin, in 1953, the structure of DNA, the famous double helix, the two strands. Here are Crick and Watson explaining on a very crude wire model far away ... Voir la vidéo
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le (7m22s)
1.3. DNA codes for genetic information
Remember at the heart of any cell,there is this very long molecule which is called a macromolecule for this reason, which is the DNA molecule. Now we will see that DNA molecules support what is called the "genetic information". So, DNAcodes for genetic information. How? If you consider this doublestrand molecule, DNA molecule, you remember that on each strandof the molecule, there is a succession of nucleotides. You can follow these nucleotides and write their name or moreexactly the initial of their name. And you will get what we call the sequence". Look: C, T, A and so on. The process by which you obtain this sequence of characters of ... Voir la vidéo
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le (5m11s)
1.5. Counting nucleotides
In this session, don't panic. We will design our first algorithm. This algorithm is forcounting nucleotides. The idea here is that as an input,you have a sequence of nucleotides, of bases, of letters, of characters which ends with a star symbol, here. And, you want to count the number of A,C, G and T, and then the frequencies. To write an algorithm in thispseudo code language, you need first to declare on which objector variables you will work. Here, we declare severalinteger variables. What does it mean integer variables? That is a variable, the value of which can be an integer: 1, 2, 3, minus 9 and so on. So, integer ... Voir la vidéo
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le (4m29s)
