Stella Ghervas - Conquérir la paix : des Lumières à l’Union européenne
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L’Europe n’a guère connude longs moments de paix dans son histoire. Dans cette conférence grand public,basée sur son dernier livre ConqueringPeace : From the Enlightenment to the European Union (HarvardUniversity Press, 2021), Stella Ghervas exposera comment, depuis le XVIIIesiècle, des penseurs européens en quête de paix durable en arrivèrent à forgerl’idée de l’unification européenne.
En combinant leshistoires intellectuelle, politique et juridique, Stella Ghervas évoquera lesœuvres de philosophes comme l’Abbé de Saint-Pierre, Rousseau ou encore Kant,ainsi que des hommes d’État comme le Tsar Alexandre Ier, Woodrow Wilson,Winston Churchill, Robert Schuman et Mikhaïl Gorbatchev.
« Plus jamais la guerre! »: cinq conflitsmajeurs, depuis 1700, ont été l'occasion pour repenser la paix en Europe etfaire émerger des projets visionnaires : la guerre de succession d’Espagne, lesGuerres napoléoniennes, la Première Guerre mondiale, la Seconde Guerre mondialeet la Guerre froide. Chacune des périodes d’après-guerre a en effet généréson « esprit » de paix partagé par des monarques ou des leaderspolitiques, des diplomates et des citoyens. Ces ingénieurs de la paix ontprogressivement construit des mécanismes et des institutions ayant pour but deprévenir de nouvelles guerres.
Il est ainsi possible dedéceler un fil rouge qui relie les idéaux des Lumières aux institutions del’Union européenne en passant par le concert européen du XIXe siècle. Laconférence illustrera comment la paix (en tant que valeur) a façonné l’idéed’une Europe unie, bien avant la création de l’actuelle Union européenne, etmême avant l’époque des États-nations.
Aujourd’hui l’UE estlargement critiquée, à la fois pour son déficit démocratique et comme obstacleaux souverainetés nationales. Pourtant, d’un point de vue de la longue histoiredu maintien de la paix, cette Société d’États européens apparaît sous un anglebien différent : comme une étape, ni la première ni nécessairement la dernière,dans la quête séculaire d’un monde moins violent.
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