Sensivity analysis to morphological changes of the shoulder joint: application to percussion gestures during Oldowan debitage / Alicia Blasi-Toccacceli
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Sensivity analysis to morphological changes of the shoulder joint: application to percussion gestures during Oldowan debitage / Alicia Blasi-Toccacceli, in colloque "1st Virtual Conference for Women Archaeologists and Paleontologists. Nouveaux apports à l’étude des populations et environnements passés" organisé par le laboratoire Travaux et Recherches Archéologiques sur les Cultures, les Espaces et les Sociétés (TRACES) de l’Université Toulouse Jean Jaurès et le laboratoire Paléontologie Évolution Paléoécosystèmes (PALEVOPRIM) de l'Université de Poitiers, sous la responsabilité scientifique de Julie Bachellerie, Ana Belén Galán López (Traces), Émilie Berlioz et Margot Louail (Palevoprim). Université Toulouse Jean Jaurès, 8-9 mars 2021.
Session 1: Morphological variability, taxonomy and adaptations.
[Conférence enregistrée à distance].
Although stone tool use and manufacture played a major role during human evolution, the impact of those behaviours on hominin morphology has not yet reached consensus. In this context, the architecture and proportions of the shoulder in early representatives of the genus Homo, which consist mainly of three characteristics (i.e. low humeral torsion, relatively short clavicle and broader thorax which induced a more lateralised scapula), is of prime interest since this joint is hypothesised to have been constrained by those behaviours. To discuss the potential adaptive advantages of the shoulder in early Homo in the context of stone tool making, we assessed the impact of its particular anatomy on muscular forces by mean of musculoskeletal modelling. Metric and angular data collected from extant and extinct hominins and from the literature were used as reference. Upper limb kinematics of free hand lithic debitage (Oldowan context) carried out by an experimental archaeology expert were recorded using an optoelectronic motion capture system (Oqus, Qualisys). The previously characteristic morphological variations of the morphotype of an early Homo member were implemented on a human musculoskeletal model. All the combinations of morphological traits were tested, resulting in 27 models. Muscle forces were computed using inverse kinematics and dynamic optimization. Our results show that the clavicle shortening would disfavour the pectoralis major and subscapularis actions, whereas the thoracic broadening disfavours indirectly subscapularis action for internal humeral rotation at least. The role of lower humeral torsion is less clear: it would favour deltoid and supraspinatus for glenohumeral abduction and disfavour infraspinatus for external rotation. This sensitivity analysis, in this limited frame (muscles selected, morphological traits considered and implementation method) suggests that the relatively short clavicle in relation to the relatively broad thorax of early Homo may disfavour some percussion gestures. More generally, these results exemplify the benefits of biomechanical simulation for a better understanding of the form-function relationships of extinct hominin shoulders.
Si la fabrication et l’utilisation d’outils lithiques ont incontestablement joué un rôle déterminant dans l’évolution des hominines, l’impact de tels comportements sur leur morphologie semble moins faire consensus. Toutefois, il semble que l’architecture et les proportions du complexe de l’épaule chez les premiers représentants du genre Homo aient pu avoir été contraintes par ces comportements. Afin de discuter des potentiels avantages adaptatifs de ces traits morphologiques dans le cadre de production d’outils lithiques, nous avons estimé l’impact de leur variation sur la production des efforts musculaires en prenant pour référence des données métriques et angulaires rapportées chez des hominines actuels et fossiles. Des cinématiques de percussion directe lancée (contexte oldowayen) réalisées par un expert en archéologie expérimentale ont été enregistrées via un système optoélectronique de capture du mouvement (Oqus, Qualisys). Des variations morphologiques jugées caractéristiques du morphotype d’un représentant ancien du genre Homo (faible torsion humérale, brièveté relative de la clavicule, scapula moins dorsalisée, étroitesse du thorax) ont alors été implémentées sur la base d’un modèle musculo-squelettique humain. Les forces musculaires ont ensuite été calculées par application de procédures de cinématique inverse et d’optimisation statique. Les résultats montrent que le raccourcissement relatif de la clavicule optimiserait l’action du muscle biceps dans l’élévation de l’épaule, contrairement à celle du deltoïde et altèrerait l’action du subscapulaire dans la rotation interne. Toutefois, une faible torsion humérale et un thorax étroit semblent favoriser le subscapulaire dans la rotation interne alors qu’une scapula en position moins dorsale n’aurait aucun impact significatif. Cette analyse de sensibilité, dans son cadre restreint (muscles sélectionnés, variations morphologiques considérées et méthode d’implémentation) suggère donc qu’un allongement claviculaire aurait pu faciliter certains gestes de percussion. Plus globalement, ces résultats illustrent l’intérêt d’une étude bio-mécanique pour une meilleure compréhension des relations formes/fonction de l’épaule chez les hominines fossiles.
Mots clés : Hominidés fossiles ; Paléoanthropologie ; Adaptation (biologie), Anatomie fonctionnelle ; Industrie lithique
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Références documentaires
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